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'4D printing' is the catchphrase, programmable materials the newsmakers

4D打印可能会休息几年,但是可编程材料的应用已经引起了人们的关注。

如果您近年来一直关注3D打印,那么您可能遇到了一个“下一个新事物”,听起来像是在暮光区梦dream以求的:4D打印, so dubbed and promoted by Skylar Tibbits, director of MIT's Self-Assembly Lab. 4D printing adds the dimension of time to the spatial dimensions of length, width and depth.

正如罗德·塞林(Rod Serling)所说的那样,您可以用化学,物理,工程和材料科学的钥匙解锁这项技术,并进入分子特性和计算机辅助设计的领域(卡德)。然后,您跨入可编程材料 - 这是导致自2014年以来大部分新闻的术语。

一旦生产3D打印机,可编程材料制成的物体继续形成,折叠,展开或组装自己,以响应外部刺激,例如光,运动,热,压力或水。Tibbits的TED谈话视频demonstrate multimaterial, printed 2D strands that curl themselves into the letters "MIT," and printed flat sheets of programmable materials that, once robotically cut, transform themselves into shoes.


4D打印:麻省理工学院自我折叠链自组装实验室,麻省理工学院, 在Vimeo

Tibbits说,4D打印开始是一种“打印”机器人的方式,但删除了所有机电系统。他解释说:“传感器,电动机,所有电子设备,电池 - 只是打印可以改变自身的材料。”“这样,打印一件聪明的东西比愚蠢的事情不再需要花费更多的钱,而且不再需要组装时间,不再是失败的,而是拥有我们想要的所有能力。”

Skylar tibbitsSkylar tibbits

Asked in what way can materials be "programmable" and Tibbits responded, "Several." One way is in its geometric inner structure, both visible and molecular. Depending on the way in which material fabric is "printed" in a 3D printer -- in what shapes, patterns and physical properties -- it has different expanding or contracting abilities. Auxetic materials come up often in this context and are frequently used in self-assembling projects. They respond to stretching in an unusual way; instead of widening and thinning out as, say, a piece of cotton or polyester might, they expand both lengthwise and widthwise. The "weave" of such a fabric, to pick a nontechnical term, often displays a bowtie shape. (The "technical" description of an auxetic material is one that has a negative Poisson's ratio.)

Encoding shape into programmable materials

材料的可编程性的另一个方面在于对温度,水分,压力,光或其他材料的其他环境因素的响应。Tibbits说,4D打印设计师的问题是:“我们如何将这些材料(例如2D,3D,微观和宏观体系结构)结合在一起,以编码某种类型的几何信息?

他解释说:“想想木材。”“这是在编码某种能力,当它对水分做出反应时,它会卷曲。因此,我们开发的一个项目是可打印的木材 - 锯末和聚合物粘合剂的混合物,被挤出为灯丝,并被印在不同的图案中。我们可以创建自己的自定义谷物,以便它可以弯曲到许多程度并以可预测的方式进行转换。您可以使用金属,纺织品,塑料或橡胶做同样的事情。我们已经对碳纤维,纺织品,纺织品,各种聚合物板和皮革。”


可编程木材来自MIT的自组装实验室,在Vimeo上。

它是材料的组合,每种都对给定的刺激有不同但可预测的响应,可编程形状转换的位置。加上3D打印的能力,用Tibbits的话说,“以复杂的三维方式结合了不同属性的材料,从而为他们提供了我们以前从未有过的新属性。”他补充说,研究人员还有兴趣寻找以其他方式创建自组装对象的方法。他说:“这不仅是3D打印或塑料。”“我们希望能够通过任何材料和其他工业过程来做他的。

商业可编程材料应用程序正在测试

尽管4D打印仍处于研发阶段,但私营企业正在与Tibbits的实验室和其他可编程材料研究人员合作测试应用程序。Tibbits指出:“我们一直在与服装,运动服,医疗,汽车和航空公司合作,试图将研究固定在不同的应用,机器和材料方面,而不再专注于基本印刷方面。”其中之一是目前正在巴黎的小型牙齿矫正公司,目前正在临床试验中。“您扫描嘴,获得3D几何形状,获取模型,3D打印它,并用安全的聚合物将其设计为朝着不同的方向推动牙齿。与今天的工作方式完全不同,该设备基本上雕刻在您的牙齿上。”

法国空客S.A.S.是另一个例子。它的飞机发动机上的一个组件设计有一个孔,可以在空气中绘制以进行冷却。不幸的是,这创建了阻力。Tibbits说:“它想创建一个机电或气动襟翼,可以打开并接近控制发动机的气流。”因此,他们共同努力,将这种响应嵌入到襟翼材料本身中。

they started with a single sheet of carbon fiber -- "fully cured, but flexible, super-light and strong" --developed by Carbitex. "We found a way to print and laminate different layers on it so that it responds to control the air flow to that engine. At first, we did it in response to temperature on the outside, and we eventually moved to pressure. As the plane flies faster, you have a pressure differential from inside to outside, and you can use that to activate the material to transform. We did wind tunnel testing to show that it can transform from one shape to another in a repeatable way."


可编程碳纤维喷气发动机进气口来自MIT的自组装实验室,在Vimeo上。

Briggs Automotive Company Ltd. in the U.K. has also used programmable carbon fiber to develop a morphable wing for its supercar. The wing adjusts to external conditions, such as rainstorms, providing maximum downforce.


可编程碳纤维 - 变形超级跑车来自MIT的自组装实验室,在Vimeo上。

早在2013年,哈佛大学和匹兹堡大学宣布,美国陆军研究办公室颁发了85.5万美元的奖项,以研究4D印刷在军事申请中的应用,包括军装以改变自己的伪装或更好地防止接触时防止有毒气体或弹片。


Wyss研究所的研究人员
at Harvard demonstrate their
4D打印功能。

WYSS生物学启发的工程研究所是在该领域观看的另一个哈佛大学实验室,该研究所在浸入水中时会改变形状的水凝胶结构的添加剂建筑物。2015年研究的高级作者是詹妮弗·刘易斯(Jennifer Lewis),他也是3D打印硬件公司Voxel8 Inc. Voxel8的科学联合创始人,反过来与Autodesk Inc.紧密相关,该公司将其CAD技术带入了适应性的设计和使用中和可编程材料。

the Wyss Institute has also made recent news in the self-assembly of synthesized DNA "bricks," arriving at 3D nanostructures with potential in medical diagnostics and drug delivery.

4D打印市场预测

根据2017年7月报告从Grand View Research Inc., military and defense spending is expected to lead growth in global 4D printing until 2025. It names Stratasys Ltd., Autodesk and Hewlett-Packard Enterprise as key players that plan on "expanding the market presence through a series of new product launches, announcements and partnerships." While it pegs the technology's cumulative annual growth rate at over 33.2% from 2020 to 2025, it sizes the total market at $313.1 million by the end of that period -- not a figure of runaway growth. The report also alludes to road bumps in the form of high development costs, intellectual property issues and potential safety hazards.

there are other ways besides programmed self-assembly in which additive manufacturing and 3D printing will enable and speed the development of products, both everyday (think circuitry, shoes) and visionary (think nanorobotic drug delivery vehicles).

“您用想象力的关键解锁了这扇门。除了它是另一个维度 - 声音的维度,视觉维度,思想的维度。...” - 罗德·塞林(Rod Serling),边缘地区

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